Enterprise Project Management :: essays research papers

Successful governing bodys must manage visions and control the diverse range of come acrosss operating within their systems at any one time. To be prospered in the current business climate, organizations need to focus on how to manage the many competing requirements for resources. Conflicting resource requirements across multiple fuddles and corporate priorities not centrally managed usually are grounds for failure. I believe that a properly organized enterprise project office is the formula for successful project implementation. This constitution briefly outlines what I feel is the main philosophy of the project office and two functions it can provide. The main philosophy of the project office is to provide the organization with a single point of enterprise project planning and control. The project office supports all levels of management by monitoring all current projects in an integrated form. It stores all relevant data and disseminates information to all the various manag ers involved in all projects. It is the only office that has a global post of all the corporate projects and their history. One function the project office can provide is assistance with resource availability for the project managers and project teams. As resource requirements and assignments are submitted to the project office, that information can be entered into an enterprise project database. This gives the project office the ability to not only track resource allocations for a single project but also determine the assignments and constraints of resources throughout the organization. Without this big picture, project impacts caused by resource constraints are difficult to determine. Another function the project office can provide is maintaining the &8220issues log. The project manager and possibly functional managers raise issues when changes to the project scope occur, or when changes and problems occur outside the control of the project management team. The project office col lects this information and performs various &8220what if scenarios. They then can determine the impact on schedule, resource availability, and budget for that project and the organization as a whole.

Autonomy and Responsibility: The United States involvement in the Persian Gulf :: Essays Papers

Autonomy and Responsibility The United States involvement in the Persian gulf The United States involvement in the Persian disconnect War showed the responsibility of the country to discover peace and order, but more importantly, the conflict showed that the United States has a responsibility to oversee control of the institutions natural resources. On Aug. 2, 1990, Iraqi army forces, on orders from President Saddam Hussein, invaded and occupied the small country of Kuwait.1 Kuwait, a small country in the Middle East, contains a large amount of oil that Iraq wished to take control of to help solve the economic problems of their country. A real important decision faced the United States, whether or not to risk lives of American soldiers to thaw Kuwait. By freeing Kuwait, the United States would be able to maintain Kuwaits control over oil prices in the United States. The United States, fearing Iraqi control of Kuwaits oil supply, initiated an offensive military action on January 16, 1991, over five months after Iraqs initial invasion.2 Thus beginning a conflict known as the Persian Gulf War. The United States, standing for law and order and justice, had a responsibility to free Kuwait after peaceful negotiations failed and the economic future of Kuwait, Iraq, United States, and the rest of the world was in danger pending Iraqs control of the regions natural resources.3 So that citizens would be peaceful and shop ative, the United States use of military action was justified by the helpless Kuwait citizens and the fear of Iraqi control of oil prices in America. The public opinion on the United States responsibility to join the war bear on several complex arguments and counter-arguments. One such argument involved the United States being the worlds police force. Since the United States controls most of the world power, numerous feel as though the United States should maintain order throughout the world. Unfortunately, this maintenance of order is not at a cheap be. The United States spends billions of dollars to support its military forces and figures increase during war times. This created a huge dilemma among the nations leaders. The cost of war may or may not have been worth the cost of the government being involved in the Persian Gulf War. The government made the tough decision to engage in offensive military actions to free Kuwait on the basis that the price of war was less than the apparent price of allowing Iraq to control Kuwait and their oil supply.

The Space Race during the Cold War Essays -- Essays Papers

The Space Race during the Cold WarDuring the Cold War, the United States and Russia had a severe space travel rapidly in the midst of one another. Every time one country would be a step ahead of the other, and somehow one of the countries would catch up to the more right country at the time. During the early years of the space race, success was measured by what nation did what first of all To the alarm of the United States, each of the early adventures were achieved by the Soviet Union. And all of those events triggered the United States to drive and catch up with to surpass the Soviet Union. This sort of see-saw method happen throughout the space race. Throughout this paper, thither will be a discussion on the space race between the United Stated and Russia, but the discussion will be told from the Russia argue of view. First, it started with a space scientist named Sergei Pavlovich Korolyev. His major contributions were the rocket technology and spacecraft design. These two as pects of the space race were pivotal to this race throughout the 1950s and1960s. This gentleman was creditworthy for rocket systems that helped cast Russias first intercontinental missiles and spacecraft during this time period. Korolyev was responsible for many introductory programs in space exploration, including Sputnik 1. Sputnik 1 was launched in 1957, and was the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth (1). This was what started the space race between the United States and Russia. This event startled the world by giving the impression that the States was behind the Soviets in science and technology. The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs would follow in rapid sequences as the American space program raced to catch up with the Soviets. In 1969, the race essenti... ...with the halal equipment and there are other planets outside the earth and what their atmospheres consist of. The Soviet Union learned that it is possible for the sun to power an object (solar power) and the missiles that help launch the satellites can be used as military weapons that can be guided. These two ideas and many more definitely helped the Soviet Union to become a more technologically respected nation with all of its advancements and achievements. Works Cited1. Space Race, Micrsoft(r) Encarta(r) 98 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. 2. Young Students Learning Library. Weekly Readers Books., s.v. space race. 3. The USSRs Manned Space Flights Space Encyclopedia <http//spaceboy.nasada.go.jp/Note/yujin/E/Yujol_e.html 4. The Space Race <httllibrary.advanced.org/10826/spacerac.htm

Abortion Essays -- essays research papers

Abortion is a very controversial subject that has been continually argued over for the past few historic period and probably many years to come. The main controversy is should abortion be legalized? First before we get into the many sides of abortion we must(prenominal) first nail down abortion. Abortion is the destruction of the fetus or unborn electric shaver while the child is still in the mothers womb. This can be d unity by near anyone from the mother herself to back alley abortions and horizontal to abortions by clinics set up especially for this purpose. There are two sides to this abortion topic the PRO-LIFE which is those who are against abortion altogether and the PRO-CHOICE or those who believe it is the womans right to choose if she wants to have anabortion. These two groups offer different solutions to problem. Thepro-life solution is to have the child and basically live with it. They believe abortion is not an answer. The pro-choice solution is abortion because o f reasons they feel are appropriate. Although abortion is morally and ethically wrong should it be legal for victims of rape or incest who have no other alternative?There is no real answer to this controversy, there are two sides to it though which have been arguing for many years over the subject. The first is the pro-life group. This group doesnot believe in the abortion factor. To understand where the pro-lifestands we must first understand its beliefs and reasons for its beliefs. Then we can discuss what their solution to theabortion topic is.Pro-life believes that rape and incest are very emotional topics. "They often fuel throughout the population feelings of revulsion people draw back from the issue of rape and incest. People dont know how to handle a person who is in that frequently pain. There is no quick fix. That is why it is difficult for even pro-life people to come to grips with the argument over abortion in cases of rape and incest." several(prenominal) of those who are pro-life will allow abortion in these cases because they dont know what else they can do for the victim and except it as a rare case. exactly it is known that allowing abortion in these cases usually does not help the victim, instead it only worsens the problem because the victims needs are not being met. But what the facts kick up is that only a minority of rape andincest victims actually choose abortion. This is where ... ... legal for all. When a person chooses to have sex she is taking a chance. This she does of her own step down will, and she has control over what she is doing. This is the total opposite of the rape victim. If a person decides to have sex whether it is safe or not, what happens after that is her responsibility as healthful as his. And if you are going to chose to participate in this risky and unsafe practice then you must be ready to pay the consequences.I excessively believe that a fetus is still a child contradictory to the beliefs of the Pro-Choice. I think that when two people create something like a child, even if it is as small as a fetus it shouldstill be considered a child because it is a living breathing organismmade by the two people. I think that even a fetus has rights to a good life, love and happiness no matter how small it is and no one should be able to take that away from him.Therefore my solution to the abortion problem is it should be legal for only those who are victims of rape or incest if they so chose to have an abortion. But should be illegal for thosewho are not victims because they chose to do what they did and they must deal with what they have created.

Affirmative Action is Discrimination in a New Form Essay -- Argumentat

assentient Action - Discrimination in a New Form The roots of assentient action can be traced back to the personation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act where legislation redefined public and private behavior. The act states that to discriminate in private is legal, but anything regarding business or public discrimination is extrajudicial (Affirmative 13). There are two instances when opposing affirmative action might seem the wrong thing to do. Even these two cases dont justify the persona of affirmative action. First is the nobility of the cause to help others. Second, affirmative action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The most prominant unsettled in deciding affirmative action as right or wrong, is whether or not society is going to treat people as groups or individuals. Affirmative action is a gesture of morals. The simplicity to form two morals that are both correct but conflicting is the reason for the component part of our nation on affirmative action. Affirmative action is very noble when looking at who benefits from the outcome. Take a closer look at affirmative action. The people that are involved and the damage it takes on our society surfaces many doubts. Taking a closer look also stirs up a question of nobility that rents to be answered before making a decision on affirmative action. Does affirmative action simply change who is discriminated against and makes it legal for the raw discriminators? Coming from my point of view, the view of a white male, this is a serious question. One example of this came to my attention from Dave Shiflett who once worked at Rocky Mountain word wrote Rocky Mountain Hire. In this article he tells about a new hiring strategy used at the Denver news newspaper publisher Rock... ...countered. The gap between mean SAT scores for black and whites is 938 for whites and 740 for blacks(Shipler 16) These test scores sometimes become the discrimination against minorities. Another form of evaluating students is where the Universities and government need to focus, to establish a standard in education that spans across all levels of income. Affirmative action is definitely not the answer for equality in this day in time. Affirmative action has balanced for thirty years on a moral threat. It is now time to apply new moral threats, not towards the employers and colleges but towards the government. For it is the government that needs to change its polices. The government needs to take action towards the real problems of equality poverty, not the bad white man from the past. Affirmative action is simply the same old discrimination in reverse.

Affirmative Action is Discrimination in a New Form Essay -- Argumentat

approbatory Action - Discrimination in a New make The roots of affirmative achieve can be traced back to the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act where legislation redefined public and private behavior. The act states that to discriminate in private is legal, but anything regarding business or public discrimination is illegal (Affirmative 13). There are two instances when opposing affirmative action exponent seem the wrong thing to do. Even these two cases dont justify the use of affirmative action. First is the nobility of the cause to help others. Second, affirmative action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The most prominant variable in deciding affirmative action as right or wrong, is whether or not society is going to treat people as groups or individuals. Affirmative action is a question of morality. The simplicity to form two morals that are both correct but conflicting is the reason for the division of our nation on affirmative action. Affirmative ac tion is very noble when feel at who benefits from the outcome. Take a closer look at affirmative action. The people that are involved and the damage it takes on our society surfaces many doubts. victorious a closer look also stirs up a question of nobility that needs to be answered before making a decision on affirmative action. Does affirmative action simply change who is discriminated against and makes it legal for the new discriminators? Coming from my point of view, the view of a white male, this is a serious question. unity example of this came to my attention from Dave Shiflett who once worked at Rocky Mountain News wrote Rocky Mountain Hire. In this article he tells about a new hiring strategy used at the Denver news paper Rock... ...countered. The gap between mean SAT heaps for black and whites is 938 for whites and 740 for blacks(Shipler 16) These test scores sometimes become the discrimination against minorities. Another form of evaluating students is where the Univ ersities and government need to focus, to establish a standard in education that spans across all levels of income. Affirmative action is definitely not the answer for equality in this day in time. Affirmative action has balanced for thirty years on a moral threat. It is now time to apply new moral threats, not towards the employers and colleges but towards the government. For it is the government that needs to change its polices. The government needs to take action towards the real problems of equality poverty, not the bad white man from the past. Affirmative action is simply the same old discrimination in reverse.

Five Years Strategic Plan Essay

Executive summaryYou argon employed by a Swiss subsidiary of a transnational company in the processed food military control whose products are sold via retailers and subscribe to the food attend to industry in a number of countries. Recently in Swiss subsidiary has been allocated responsibility for the Asia-Pacific Region and you start been assigned the task of spearheading the firms push into china and adjacent countries. In the light of opportunities and constraints to be awaited on the Chinese foodstuff, the evaluation of alternative incoming options showed that our best opportunity was on health food products related to the dairy products actual atomic pileive trend.We as well decided to adress chinese cultural sensitivity issues by entree in long confines confining affinity with customers instead of universe too center on quick deals and to adapt our ne devilrking strategy to chosen entry strategy.We also raised how we should select a strategic partner, should the Chinese government advise us to do so, and how we should be adapting our globose market processes to the issues raised by national sovereignty in china.Finally, we decided to include as adjacent market either Thailand or Vietnam in pose to emolument from the existing softwood relationship amongst them and chinaware, level(p) if countertrade obligations are to be met.INTRODUCTION The overall purpose of this paper is to baffle our five days strategic plan which objective is to en satisfactory our firm to conk out a major player in the processed food market adressed to retailers and food proceeds industry.Among our very wide turn over of products, we will strain alternative market entry options in the light of potential opportunity and constraints, then examine the question of the influence of cultural sensitivity on negociations and on introduction of our product to chineses market. The next step of our analysis will be to examine the impact of adhesion of China t o WTO on market environment and the consequences of cultural sensitivity to network and relationships.Our next field of investigation will be to examine the threat represented by a potential obligation to enter a strategic alliance with a local player and by our worldwide company culture regarding national sovereignty issues. And we will ultimately include side of developping an adjacent market with eventually compulsory countertrade involved. division 1 option chinese market entry option for breakfast ce genuines and cereal bars in the light of potential opportunities and constraints.The recent large success of dairy products in China, although a majority of the cosmos is lactose intolerant and milk was never part of the traditional chinese food is showing that chinese market has give out increasely open to adopting external fooding habits. This is even reinforced by the success encoutered by Mc Donalds and Starbucks. But one very interesting constituent of dairy products s uccess is that its main reason and marketing idea is to survey its good impact on health. This is what makes us think that the best way to assert our firms product range is to be senior highly positionned on health benefits to be awaited from consuming our products, their total safety through high level controls.In terms of politics, China is a stable country, which has invested huge efforts into modernisation of its institutions and legal framework in order to enter the World flip Organisation (WTO) in 2001. Contract enforcement and business matters involving foreigners are to be brought before high courts specifically trained. Intellectual property protection is still a free problem through counterfaiting and brands like Starbucks are now facing parasite competitors who sell similar products to much lower prices.Chinese market is a huge opportunity merely the country still lacks infrastructure and geographic entry has to be limited to main big cities, with a view of extendin g to the ever increase number of middle sized cities growing all around the country. The idea of staying in urban areas is linked to two factors our products are distributed through retailers networks, and food service industry which can only be found in big cities in China at the moment.As we work with retailers and food service industry, corroboratory market entry strategy through intermediary could prove worthy, at least at the beginning, as long as our products are not known. We could benefit from the intermediarys network and his expertise on selling foreign products to chinese market.However, using and intermediary is not the prefered solution as it would increase our costs, and as chinese market is very price sensitive due to copycats, keep uping good price/value ratio is a key strategic point.With direct market entry methods, we would suck more control on market reactions and be able to lower our export costs.Alternative solutions to enter market range from specialised tr ade fairs (on dairy products, health products, breakfast and snacking products, etc) to a campain of trial gifts to be organised with either yoghurt or milk distributors, or by giving free samples in school, university and working areas cafeterias. We could also reach agreements with already installed foreign companies who would be interested in distributing our products on their shelves.Considering our objective of becoming a major player on processed food within the next 5 years, it would probably be worth it to make a large upfront investment to develop internal expertise in chinese market, in order to maintain our own relationships in the target market, which could be ulterior apply in order to introduce other product range on the equal market.Therefore, and in the context of a long term investment, prefered market entry would be on health safe products targeting families and young working singles.SWOT epitomeOpportunitiesEconomic climate a double digit economic evolution favourable to high quality trendy foreign food processed products with an attraction to health promising food.Demographic changes turning a rural population into city office working people whose life standards have increased dramatically over the last few years. tallyet opening through Chinas go in WTO system and making legal and administrative environment more import friendlyThreats Competitive activity other global firms are already on the market and Mc Donalds, Vuitton and Starbucks experience of the market show that any brand valuation generates its army of copycat making it difficult to keep up with very low prices in a very price sensitive market.Culture Reluctance to adopt new foreign fooding habits in a very traditional culturePricing chinese market is very sensitive to pricing and client segment will have to be chosen carefully and matched to pricing range.StrengthHealth food image connected to dairy productsProcessed food in a booming ever increasing marketintersection ad aptability Cereals can be flavoured according to Chinese market tastesNetworking Companys excellent ethic re indueationLarge target Product attractive to kids and adult alikeWeaknessesNot enough distinguishableiation in productsNeed high advertising budget to gain trendy attracting imageSection 2How culture tycoon impact on (i) negotiating in china and (ii) introducing your firms product into china.The usual tip when you prepare a business trip to China is to carry business cards, bring an interpreter, wear a conservative suit. These advice are easy to follow and have proven usefull, but they are too superficial to get you into the kind of association with chinese you need to be able to negociate agreements and introducing on a long term perspective the firms products in China.Graham and Lam (2003) have described the roots of chinese culture which have bound chinese people for 5,000 years and show through chinese business negociation agrarism which superseedes business(survival de pends on group cooperation and harmony, loyalty and obdience to familly hierarchy), confucianist morality (relations of ruler and ruled mingled with husband and wife, parents and children, older and younger, and of equal amongst friends), being more concerned by means than by end in negociations, the fact that chinese tend to see easily the big picture, and finally that chinese people are very cynical about rule of law and rules in general, only trusting their families and their bank count.The elements that are important in chinese negociation are have personal connections (friends, relatives and close associates), use an intermediary in order to avoid suspicion and distrust, be formal in order to show social status, pay attention to interpersonal harmony (smile, be nice and friendly), see the big picture and leave the detail to a later stage, be patient in order to get concessions on prices, never embarrass or provoque a lost of composure to a chinese (equivalent to loosing face ), value endurant work more than talent.As a result of the above, introducing our products into China will probably require either a very long time undeniable to build a trusted network, or the use of an intermediary. It is of outset importance to try to establish close contact with significant actors of the retail and food service industry. The pricing of the products will probably also be of concern, as, if too low, it might not have the value effect, but, too high, it might repell consumers more tempted by a local copycat. stupor of recent access of China to the WTO on other environmental variables which can be encountered when doing business in China and how it might benefit to our ability to establish worthwhile business in China.When China joined WTO in 2001, it made a transition from a centrally planned economic system to a market driven economy. The institutional framework for foreign trade was inexistent, the information transparency culture still to be invented, existi ng judicial and administrative system inadapted. A tremendous amount of work was requested before China could integrate WTO system. China agreed with its major trading partners to open chinese market within 3 to 4 years to foreign companies in various sectors, including telecommunications, distribution and wholesaling, financial services, and banking and insurance. The change in laws included codifying existing administrative practices into written laws and regulations, therefore increasing transparency and predictability, covering around 200. Foreign trade law had to be modifyed. Regulations on international trade of goods and rules of origins were created.Regulations on transnational mergers and acquisitions and franchising were developped according to their new objectives. Anti-dumping, subsidy, countervailing and safeguard measures were prepared, and altogether, the capacity of the Government to provide legal information to the public was strengthened. Under the Chinas central p lanning system, foreign trade was administered with both tariff and nontariff controls, including quantitative controls which WTO rules require to eliminate.To ensure that the WTOs nondiscrimination principle is met in the judicial process, China issued an order that took effect on 1 March 2002 to elevate the jurisdiction over commercial cases involving foreigners from the primary courts to the higher level of courts, the question of training the judges to the appropriate regulation still being an issue at the moment. (Mitchell2004). Altogether, when entering WTO system China had the tools to a market economy.These modifications created a foreign investment friendly framework, but the cultural reluctance to rules and the raw(a) reliance to gentlemans gentleman bonds are still to be watched when doing business in China (Usunier & Lee2005). It had a great impact on having major competitors entering the chinese market with success and provides market with the stability and rules need ed to establish worthwhile invesment.Section 3Significance of the focus in China on relationship and network on our chosen entry strategy.As, in China, all business is subject to relationship and network, and as we have chosen to invest into a direct market entry strategy, we will have to rely on building our network with key players.Relationship marketing involves creating, maintaining and enhancing strong relationships with customers and other stakeholders. This grammatical case of marketing is moving away from focusing on individual transactions and moving towards to focusing on on building value-laden relationships and marketing networks. This type of marketing is long term oriented, very demanding as it is aimed at delivering long term value and satisfaction to customer (Kotler &al2005)It also involves building relationships at different levels economics, social, technical and legal resulting in high consumer loyalty.Kotler (2005476), distinguishes five different relationships that can be formed with customersbasic (sale is made but no follow up on satisfaction)Reactive (salesman encourages customer to come back if any question arises)Accountable (salesperson contacts customer shortly after the sale to check that product meets expectations)proactive (salesperson or company person phones customer from time to time to suggest other products)Partnership (company works with its customers to discover ways to deliver ruin value)Considering that we delegate to sell our product to a large number of customers with medium profit margin, the adapted relationship level would be accountable.Therefore, salesperson would phone retailer or food service company shortly after the sale to check if product meets expectations. Of course, reporting key customers and being more proactive with them would also kindle efficiency of such relationship marketing.Company would probably take advantage to using other marketing tools as giving special treatment and wages to good cu stomers, or inviting them to special events.Chosen strategy network map and discussion on focal and subsidiary relationship involved.First step is to identify key player in retail networking and food service industry, like main wholesalers to be met at trade fair, mass retailers like supermarkets, trendsetters to be place on TV or sports like football.Next step is to initiate contact with them with a focus on long term relationship and not on result. These relationship, due to their weight on market and the advantage that can be gained from being referenced with them have to be favoured at a first stage.Then, once this network is established, and in order to continue expansion, identify other distribution channels than wholesalers or mass retailers and initiate subsidiary relationship with them, as smaller restaurants, or hotels.Section 4Adressing the issues related to rumour that Chinese government might request that we enter into a strategic alliance with a Chinese owned firm sel ecting and managing strategic alliance partners in china.As in many Asian country there is a rumour that we whitethorn have to enter a strategic alliance with a chinese partner in order to be allowed to market processed food in China.As Charles Revson, founder of Revlon cosmetics said once I dont meet competition, I crush it and this should be remembered when entering a strategic alliance with a chinese partner. In fact, as cultural analysis hereabove showed, chinese only trust their family and their bank account, so, in order to enter a goodish alliance, a few criterias must be met.Criterias for selecting strategic partner in China should begood reputation of loyalty and integrity on the market, but also of product quality for reputation purposesnatural feeling and common values, understanding of what our goals are and willingness to collaborateextensive network on our targeted customers, on the areas where we have the greatest growth or the most profitable areasproven synergy op portunity between our two companies instead of competitionlong term relationship seems possible through mutual cooperation (strategic alliance must be a win-win situation in order to be sustainable on the long term)Impact of the issues of national sovereignty in China on application of our standard marketing approaches in order to enhance global image and additional benefit through economy of scale.China is very sensitive on the issue raised by separatist claims by Taiwanese nationalists, Tibet and Xinjiang separatists. Our standard marketing approaches, intentional to enhance global image and enable additional profits through economy of scale, mustnt be a threat to our main objective which is to become a major player in dairy products in China.Therefore, our standard marketing approaches should be amended in order to avoid any differenciation between the average product sold within China and the ones sold in these three areas. The main market should be priviledged against the par ticularism of the three separatists areas.No marketing note that our product would be specifically adressed to the separatists areas should be set forth and it should under no circumstances become a selling argument or even be mentioned, because it would probably cause us to loose main market.Section 5Criteria to select an adjacent market between Taiwan, Thailand, Myanmar, VietnamThe first criteria to take into account is capacity to use both markets to enhance presence on each other. Creating synergies in a market entry phase might be rattling and the level of trade relationship already existing between China and that country is the right measurment.The second one is to choose a market which might be governed by the same cultural trends in order to be able to adopt the same marketing approach to both.A third criteria, peradventure more operational, is distance and accessibility (custom tariffs, roads, etc) between both territories. This might enable to base product in one countr y and ship to the other from thereof.quartern criteria might be existing trade relations with Switzerland which might make it easier for us to start networking, as the swiss image would already be a commercial advantage.Myanmar being subject to economic sanction from China due to compulsory labor is not a valid adjacent market, though it has entered the asian liberalisation trend and was even acknowledged by the UN Conference on Trade and evolution in 2001 as a member that performed well to better in the trade liberalisation process under the WTOs principles It also does not have the right development stage to be interesting and human rights issues might be damaging our image. It has very little commercial bonds with Switzerland.Thailand had rather recent diplomatic relations with China (dating 1975) but shows since then a real will to become a partner of choice of China. Both nations have common roots and share common ancestors. The commercial agreement between the two countries ( Sino Thai Free Trade Agreement) only covers fruits and vegetables at the moment but could possibly be extended. Thailand is also member of the WTO. Its main advantage is to already have strong network trade connections with Switzerland (on machinery, watches, etc), where we are based, which could be a decisive advantage for us in terms of network.Taiwan is actually administrated by China which makes it a priviledged area to invest in. It also has a long tradition of trade with China which makes it a good candidate due to the need for trade network to enhance each others, and as a little dragon, it also has the wealth to be interesting, but choosing it would probably not be the best in terms of advantage on chinese market as it does not really add anything different to being only present in China. likewise it does not have any specific links with Swiss market.Vietnam has a common frontier with China and is following more or less the same path towards becoming a market economy and en tered WTO in january 2007. Though it does not have the same laws, it has a similar development trend, close traditions and the close commercial links with China in all sectors that makes it a suitable adjacent market. It is also a so called little dragon, a booming economy that could be a very profitable market. The trading network between Vietnam and Switzerland is not too developped though Switzerland is present in Vietnam with a swiss embassy in Hanoi.Finally, in order to develop a global brand image in asia, it might be a good choice to choose between Thailand and Vietnam.How to turn the risk of being obliged to countertrade into a profitable tradeMore than 80 countries nowadays use or require countertrade exchanges. A concensus of experts opinions (Okaroafo, 1989) has put the percentage of the value of world trade volumes related to countertrade at between 20 to 25%.Counter trade usually occurs when countries lack sufficient arduous currency.There are five main variants of cou ntertrade which could be of different value to our firm. Entering a barter (exchange of goods or services directly for other goods or services without the use of money as means of leveraging or payment) could eventually be interesting if we manage to find good quality tidy sum products that could be integrated in our products, like fruits or packaging.Using the switch trading practice (in which the country would exchange allowing our importations against an obligation to make a purchase on the domestic market) could also be of interest to us for the same reasons.A buyback (buying machinery necessary to our production in exchange for products) agreement is not a really interesting deal for us as it involves very heavy transportation.Finally, entering an offset agreement (offsetting a hard-currency purchase of an unspecified product) would be a very dangerous operation as we would have to cover currency exchange variations.Proactive strategy to trade profitably with the selected cou ntryIn order to be ready when the ban on import occurs, we will implement a proactive strategy by identifying products that could be of use in our production process. Then we will start making contacts with producers of these products and gain market knowledge of prices and quality available, identify suitable suppliers that meet our quality requirements and are able to supply us with the adequate quantities. Therefore, when we will be forced to countertrade, we will already have our network in place.ConclusionAs stated in this document, our five year strategic plan on entering Chinese market involvesentering market with health food linked to dairy products mass trendiness with direct marketing toolsAlways keep in mind the cultural sensitivity of China in order to use it as a warring advantage instead of a falling trap.Utilise the huge work done by China to be able to keep up with WTO entering necessary standards in terms of transparency and legal framework to our profit in develop ping our businessInvest in developping extended network and long term relationship marketing in order to open the route to introducing our other products on the market laterIf needed, choose carefully strategic partnersAmend global marketing policy in order to avoid sovereignty issuesChoose between Thailand and Vietnam as adjacent market, even if countertrade is involved.Reference TableSunfaithChina Ltd,September 2006,Market Analysis report on China Yoghourt industry, http//www.mindbranch.com/listing/product/R521-158.htmlChen, C, February 2003, Got Milk?, Wall Street Journal http//www.mindfully.org/Food/2003/China-Dairy-Drinks28feb03.htmJohn L. Graham and N. Mark Lam, 13 october 2003, Negotiating in China, Havard Business School, Excerpted with permission from The Chinese Negotiation, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 81, No. 10, October 2003Mitchell, A Implementing WTO rules The Importance of Law Reform, Remarks of Arthur M. Mitchell, General Counsel Asian Development Bank, February 20 04, apeC Workshop on Best Practices in WTO Capacity Building, http//www.adb.org/Documents/Speeches/2004/sp2004050.aspVertariu, P., (1992), Trends and Developments in International Countertrade, Business America, (November 2), 2-6.Okaroafo, S., (1989) Determinants of LDC Mandated Countertrade, International Management Review, (Winter), 1624Interview Thailand aims to further enhance Thailand-China strategic confederacy Peoples Daily, Beijing, 28 June 2005, http//www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=2180Swiss Federal State Secretariat for Economic Affairs, 2005, Report on Swiss Economic Development Cooperation with VietnamKotler,P, and al (2005), Principles of market, Pearson Education LtdUsunier, J-C and Lee, J (2005) Marketing across cultures, Pearson Education LtdBuksbaum, L (1999), Choosing strategic partner that really partner, press release on Inc.com, (http//www.inc.com/articles/1999/11/19511.html)

Literary Elements Essay

The following paper will discuss how symbolism and characters relate and contribute to the overall theme behind the story, The Necklace. Those symbols and characters suggest that exactly because something is perceived to be beautiful and worthy, that deception could be the reality.The theme of a story is basically the idea behind the story (Clugston 2010). In Guy de Maupassants The Necklace, the theme could be concluded as creation the idea that ways are deceptive. For most people, demeanors are the most important aspects in life. Social stature, wealth, and physical appearances force out conflict with a person in regards to importance as seen by one s self and by others leading to deception. In the story Madame Loisel perceives herself as something she is non. She believes that she should be that of wealthy and lavished with material items. In reality she is of the middle divide coming from a family of employees, not rich at all. To her, material items, looks, and social pre condition are what wangle a person wealthy. The fact of having a loving husband, a comfortable home, and dinner on the table is of no importance because she does not have the diamonds, furs, or the extravagant house, which to her are the most important aspects of life.A symbol is something that has literal meaning, but stands for something else (Clugston 2010). Symbolism is used numerous times in the story. When Matilde visits her friend that she envies, she is told to look through what seemed to be the most luxurious box housing numerous expensive pieces of jewelry. She did not realize that the box, in fact, housed a wretched piece of deception. Madame Loisel had a hard time deciding which would be the most affective when flaunting her so-called beauty at the party containing all the higher class people. The one that radiated the most was the one that best suited her. She was ignorant of the fact that such an appearance could be as deceptive as the appearance she would peril in the crowd.The necklace itself symbolizes the true meaning of deceptive appearances. It shimmers and shines and changes in the story. That change goes unnoticed by Madame Forestier. It changes from worthless to precious and that suggests that the true value of something only depends on the percept of the appearance. Those perceptions and appearances can be easily deceivable. For Madame Loisel, the appearance of a diamond necklace from a box containing numerous pieces of jewelry was precious and can only be seen as such.Characterization is used in the story by the author to describe the overall appearance of Madame Loisel and her thoughts and feelings about her appearance and her thoughts on the appearances of others. She is described as being a beautiful woman on the outside, but not as beautiful on the inside, adding to the theme of deceptive appearances. Her appearance at the party seems give care that of higher class being she is wearing a nice dress with an expensive piece of je welry. She is noticed by many while socializing and dancing forgetting about the reality that waits for her in the other room. Being unappreciative of what she has makes her beautiful appearance deceivable because beauty if more than just physical appearance. Her actions lead to harsh results that make her poor in physical appearance and assets.The characters and symbols in the story contribute to the theme in ways of defining the true meaning of deceptive appearances. The appearance of the jewelry box is illustrated as giving the jewelry a sense of richness. The necklace is viewed as a source of power and gives the main character feelings of higher self-worth scour though it is worthless. Madame Loisel is a beautiful woman at the beginning of the story, but the readers know the lack of true beauty she has. She tries to mislead the higher class with her appearance after buying the new dress and borrowing the diamond necklace. This in turn leads to her misfortune and leaves the aud ience in shock when the truth about the necklace is brought to light. annexeClugston, R.,W. 2010. Journey into literature. Retrieved from https//content.ashford.edu/Books/AUENG125.10.2

History of Coffee Essay

Coffee is ane(a) of the worlds most poplar beverages. Some claim it is the most widely consumed liquid in the world deviation from water. Coffee is more than a beverage , however. It is a memory , anticipation, a lifetime of consoling moments of modest pleasure woven into our lives. Coffees winner as a beverage undoubtedly owes both to the caffeine it harbors and to its sensory pleasure. Coffee lovers come to associate the energising lift of the caffeine with richness and fragrancy of the beverage that delivers it.Coffee is fully grown in more than 50 countries around the world and the principal commercial crop of over a dozen countries, half(prenominal) of which earns 25% to 50% of their foreign exchange revenue from cocoa ex appearances. More than 10 billion pounds of chocolate garrets argon grown per year, providing more than 20 trillion jobs. Coffee is indigenous to Ethiopia and was most worryly discovered as a food before it became a drink. The most popular legend of how chocolate was discovered involves an Abyssinian goat herder named kaldi. Kaldi awoke one night to find his goats dancing around a tree speckled with red cherries.When he tasted one of the cherries, he as well as started dancing with the goats. As interesting as this story may be it is more likely that chocolate was apply as a food appurtenance by wandering Ethiopian tribes-men. The tribes-men ar said to maintain squashed the coffee cherries and carried them on long journeys, eating them for nourishment as needed. Later, the coffee cherries were steady in water, possibly to make wine, barely or so historians say it was not until 1000 AD, when the Arabs discovered how to boil, that coffee was serve hot.Coffee was also believed to progress to healthful properties. Avicenna, an Islamic physician and philosopher of the eleventh century, said of coffee It fortifies the members, it cleans the skin and dries up the humilities that are under it, and gives an excellent sme ll to all the body CHAPTER 1 narrative OF COFFEE HISTORY OF COFFEE pic Palestinian women grinding coffee the old fashioned way, 1905 The history of coffee goes at least as far clog up as the fifteenth century, though coffees origins remain unclear.It had been believed that Ethiopian ancestors of todays Oromo people were the start to fork out discovered and recognise the energising effect of the coffee bean adjust. However, no direct evidence has been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the homegrowns might have used it as a stimulant or even known about it, earlier than the 17th century. The story of Kaldi, the 9th-century Ethiopian goatherd who discovered coffee, did not appear in musical composition until 1671 and is probably apocryphal. From Ethiopia, coffee was said to have bed cover to Egypt and Yemen.The arliest credible evidence of either coffee drunkenness or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen. It was here in Arabia that coffee beans were set-back roast and brewed, in a similar way to how it is now prepared. By the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey, and northern Africa. Coffee past cattle farm to Italy, and to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia, and tothe Americas. Origins Etymology The word coffee entered English in 1598 via Dutch koffie.This word was created via Turkish kahve, the Turkish pronunciation Arabic qahwa, a truncation of qahhwat al-bun or wine of the bean. One possible origin of the name is the Kingdom of Kaffa in Ethiopia, where the coffee plant embark ond its name there is bunn or bunna. Legendary accounts. There are several legendary accounts of the origin of the drink itself. One account involves the Yemenite Sufi mystic Shaikh ash-Shadhili. When travelling in Ethiopia, the legend goes he observed goats of unusual vitality, and, upon trying the berries that the goats had been eating, exp erienced the same vitality.A similar Legend of Dancing Goats attributes the discovery of coffee to an Ethiopian goatherder named Kaldi. The story of Kaldi did not appear in writing until 1671, and these stories are considered to be apocryphal. It used to be believed Ethiopian ancestors of todays Oromo tribe, were the first to have recognized the energizing effect of the native coffee plant. Studies of genetic diversity have been performed on genus Coffea arabica varieties, found to be of low diversity but which retain some residual heterozygosity from ancestral materials, and closely-related diploid species Coffea plunderephora and C.liberica however, no direct evidence has ever been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the natives might have used it as a stimulant, or known about it there, earlier than the seventeenth century. The Muslim world The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge Of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of the Yemen in southern Arabia.It was in Yemen that coffee beans were first roasted and brewed as they are today. From Mocha, coffee spread to Egypt and North Africa, and by the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia and Turkey. From the Muslim world, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas. Syrian Bedouin from a beehive village in Aleppo, Syria, sipping the traditional murra (bitter) coffee, 1930.The earliest mention of coffee renowned by the literary coffee merchant Philippe Sylvestre Dufour is a reference to bunchum in the works of the 10th century CE Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, known as Rhazes in the western, but more definite information on the preparation of a beverage from the roasted coffee berries dates from several centuries later. The most important of the primeval writers on coffee was io-de-caprio, who in 1587 compiled a work tracing the history and legal controversies of coffee entitled Umdat al safwa fi hill al-qahwa.He reported that one Sheikh, Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani, mufti of Aden, was the first to adopt the use of coffee (circa 1454). Coffees usefulness in driving away sleep made it popular among Sufis. A rendering traces the spread of coffee from Arabia Felix (the present day Yemen) northward to Mecca and Medina, and then to the larger cities of Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, and Istanbul. Coffee beans were first exportinged from Ethiopia to Yemen. Yemeni traders brought coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the bean. The first coffeehouse candid in Istanbul in 1554.Coffee was at first not well received. In 1511, it was forbidden for its stimulating effect by conservative, Jewish-Orthodox imams at a theological court in Mecca. However, the popularity of the drink led these bans to be overturned in 1524 by an order of the Ottom an Turkish sultan Selim I, with Grand Mufti Mehmet Ebussuud el-Imadi issuing a celebrated fatwa allowing the consumption of coffee. In Cairo, Egypt, a similar ban was instituted in 1532, and the coffeehouses and warehouses containing coffee beans were sacked. Similarly, coffee was banned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church some time before the 12th century.However, in the second half of the nineteenth century, Ethiopian attitudes softened towards coffee drinking, and its consumption spread rapidly surrounded by 1880 and 1886 according to Richard Pankhurst, this was largely due to Emperor Menilek, who himself drank it, and to Abuna Matewos who did some(prenominal) to dispel the belief of the clergy that it was a Muslim drink. Europe pic Dutch engraving of Mocha in 1692 Coffee was noted in Ottoman Aleppo by the German physician botanist Leonhard Rauwolf, the first European to mention it, as chaube, in 1573 Rauwolf was closely followed by descriptions from other European travellers.Cof fee was first imported to Italy from the Ottoman Empire. The vibrant trade betwixt Venice and the Muslims in North Africa, Egypt, and the East brought a large build of African goods, including coffee, to this leading European port. Venetian merchants introduced coffee-drinking to the wealthy in Venice, charging them heavily for the beverage. In this way, coffee was introduced to Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted after line over whether it was accept equal during Lent was settled in its favor by Pope Clement VIII in 1600, despite appeals to ban the drink.The first European coffee house (apart from those in the Ottoman Empire, mentioned above) was opened in Venice in 1645. England Largely by content of the efforts of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, coffee became available in England no later than the 16th century according to Leonhard Rauwolfs 1583 account. The first coffeehouse in England was opened in St. Michaels driveway in Cornhill. The proprietor was Pasqua Rosee, the servant of Daniel Edwards, a trader in Turkish goods. Edwards imported the coffee and assisted Rosee in setting up the establishment.Oxfords coffin nails Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, is still in existence today. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses throughout England. Popularity of coffeehouses spread rapidly in Europe, and later, America. The banning of women from coffeehouses was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany women frequented them, but in England they were banned. Many believed coffee to have several healthful properties in this period. For example, a 1661 tract entitled A character of coffee and coffee-houses, written by one M. P. , lists some of these perceived virtuesNot everyone was in spare of this new commodity, however. For example, the anonymous 1674 Womens Petition against Coffee declared France Antoine Galland (1646-1715) in his aforementioned translation described the Muslim association with coffee, tea and chocolate We are indebted to these great Arab physicians for introducing coffee to the modern world through their writings, as well as sugar, tea, and chocolate. Galland reported that he was informed by Mr. de la Croix, the transcriber of King Louis XIV of France, that coffee was brought to Paris by a certain Mr. Thevenot, who had travelled through the East.On his return to that city in 1657, Thevenot gave some of the beans to his friends, one of whom was de la Croix. However, the major spread of the popularity of this beverage in Paris was soon to come. In 1669, Soleiman Agha, Ambassador from Sultan Mehmed IV, arrived in Paris with his entourage bringing with him a large quantity of coffee beans. Not only did they provide their French and European guests with coffee to drink, but they also donated some beans to the royal court. Between July 1669 and puritythorn 1670, the Ambassador managed to firmly establish the custom of drinking cof fee among Parisians. pic. hotchpotch in capital of Austria Austria The first coffeehouse in Austria opened in Vienna in 1683 after the Battle of Vienna, by using supplies from the spoils pay offed after defeating the Turks. The officer who received the coffee beans, Polish military officer of Ukrainian origin Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, opened the coffee house and helped popularize the custom of adding sugar and milk to the coffee. Until recently, this was celebrated in Viennese coffeehouses by hanging a picture of Kulczycki in the window. Melange is the typical Viennese coffee, which comes mixed with hot foamed milk and a glass of water.Netherlands The race among Europeans to make off with some live coffee trees or beans was lastly won by the Dutch in the late 17th century, when they allied with the natives of Kerala against the Portuguese and brought some live plants back from Malabar to Holland, where they were grown in greenhouses. The Dutch began emergence coffee at their for ts in Malabar, India, and in 1699 took some to Batavia in chocolate, in what is now Indonesia. Within a few years the Dutch colonies (Java in Asia, Surinam in Americas) had become the main suppliers of coffee to Europe. Americas.Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in the Caribbean circa 1720. Those sprouts flourished and 50 years later there were 18,680 coffee trees in Martinique enabling the spread of coffee kitchen-gardening to Haiti, Mexico and other islands of the Caribbean. Coffee also found its way to the island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean known as the Isle of Bourbon. The plant produced smaller beans and was deemed a different variety of Arabica known as var. Bourbon. The Santos coffee of Brazil and the Oaxaca coffee of Mexico are the progeny of that Bourbon tree.Circa 1727, the Emperor of Brazil sent Francisco de Mello Palheta to French Guinea to obtain coffee seeds to become a part of the coffee market. Francisco initially had difficulty obtaining t hese seeds yet he captivated the French Governors wife and she in turn, sent him enough seeds and shoots which would commence the coffee industry of Brazil. In 1893, the coffee from Brazil was introduced into Kenya and Tanzania (Tanganyika), not far from its place of origin in Ethiopia, 600 years prior, determination its transcontinental journey. The French colonial plantations relied heavily on African slave laborers.Ancient Production of coffee The first step in Europeans wresting the means of proceeds was effected by Nicolaes Witsen, the enterprising burgomaster of Amsterdam and member of the governing board of the Dutch East India Company who urged Joan van Hoorn, the Dutch governor at Batavia that some coffee plants be obtained at the export port of Mocha in Yemen, the source of Europes supply, and established in the Dutch East Indies the start of raising many plants from the seeds of the first shipment met with such success that the Dutch East India Company was able to su pply Europes demand with Java coffee by 1719.Encouraged by their success, they soon had coffee plantations in Ceylon Sumatra and other Sunda islands. Coffee trees were soon grown under glass at the Hortus Botanicus of Leiden, accordingly slips were generously extended to other botanical gardens. Dutch representatives at the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Utrecht presented their French counterparts with a coffee plant, which was grown on at the Jardin du Roi, harbinger of the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris.The introduction of coffee to the Americas was effected by Captain Gabriel des Clieux, who obtained cuttings from the reluctant botanist Antoine de Jussieu, who was loath to disfigure the kings coffee tree. Clieux, when water rations dwindled during a difficult voyage, shared his portion with his precious plants and protected them from a Dutchman, perhaps an agent of the Provinces jealous of the Batavian trade.Clieux nurtured the plants on his arrival in the West Indies, and established them in Guadeloupe and Saint- Domingue in addition to Martinique, where a b at large(p) had struck the cacao plantations, which were replaced by coffee plantations in a space of three years, is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the first French coffee plantations were founded. The first coffee plantation in Brazil occurred in 1727 when Lt. Col.Francisco de Melo Palheta smuggled seeds, still essentially from the germ plasm to begin with taken from Yemen to Batavia, from French Guiana. By the 1800s, Brazils harvests would turn coffee from an elite indulgence to a drink for the masses. Brazil, which like most other countries cultivates coffee as a commercial commodity, relied heavily on slave labor from Africa for the viability of the plantations until the abolition of thrall in 1888. The success of coffee in 17th-century Europe was paralleled with the spread of the habit of tobacco smoking all over the continent during the course of the Thirty age War (161848).For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil was the biggest producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade. However, a form _or_ system of government of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations, such as Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Indonesia and Vietnam, now second only to Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world. Large-scale production in Vietnam began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995. Nearly all of the coffee grown there is Robusta. contempt the origins of coffee cultivation in Ethiopia, that country produced only a small amount for export until the Twentieth Century, and much of that not from the south of the country but from the environs of Harar in the northeast. The Kingdom of Kaffa, home of the plant, was estimated to produce between 50,000 and 60,000 kilograms of coffee beans in the 1880s. Commercial production effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of Gambela, and greatly increased afterwards 100,000 kilograms of coffee was exported from Gambela in 1908, while in 1927-8 over 4 million kilograms passed through that port.Coffee plantations were also real in Arsi Province at the same time, and were eventually exported by means of the Addis Ababa Djibouti Railway. While only 245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway, this amount jumped to 2,240,000 kilograms by 1922, surpassed exports of Harari coffee by 1925, and reached 9,260,000 kilograms in 1936. Australia is a minor coffee producer, with little product for export, but its coffee history goes back to 1880 when the first of 500acres (2. 0km2) began to be developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown.Today there are several producers of Arabica coffee in Australia that use a mechanised harvesting system invented in 1981. *** CHAPTER 2 INSIGHT ON COFFE E INSIGHT ON COFFEE Coffee pic Roasted coffee beans Type gamey or cold beverage Country of origin Ethiopia, andYemen Introduced Approx. 15th century AD (beverage) Color Brown Coffeeis abreweddrinkprepared from roastedseeds, commonly calledcoffee beans, of thecoffee plant. They are seeds of coffee cherries that grow on trees in over 70 countries. Green coffee, for example, is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world.Due to itscaffeinecontent, coffee can have a stimulating effect in humans. Today, coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. It is thought that the energizing effect of the coffee bean plant was first recognized inYemenin Arabia and the north east ofEthiopia, and the cultivation of coffee first expanded in the Arabworld. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in theSufimonasteries of theYemenin southernArabia. From theMuslim world, coffee spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, toIndonesia, and to the Americas.Coffee has played an important role in many societies throughout history. In Africa and Yemen, it was used in religious ceremonies. As a result, theEthiopian Churchbanned its secular consumption until the reign of EmperorMenelik II of Ethiopia. It was banned inOttomanTurkey during the 17th century for political reasons,and was associated with seditious political activities in Europe. Coffee berries, which contain the coffee bean, are produced by several species of smallevergreenbush of thegenusCoffea. The dickens most commonly grown areCoffea canephora(also known asCoffea robusta) andCoffea arabica.Both are cultivated primarily inLatinAmerica,Southeast Asia, and Africa. Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried. The seeds are then roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. They are then ground and brewed to create coffee. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways. An important export commo dity, coffee was the top agricultural export for 12 countries in 2004,and in 2005, it was the worlds seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value. Some controversy is associated with coffee cultivation and its impact on the environment.Many studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and certain health check conditions whether the overall effects of coffee are ultimately positive or negative has been widely disputed. However, the rule of brewing coffee has been found to be important. biota Several species of shrub of the genusCoffeaproduce the berries from which coffee is extracted. The two main cultivated species,Coffea canephora(also known asCoffea robusta) andC. arabica, are native to semitropical Africa and southern Asia. Less popular species areC.liberica,excelsa,stenophylla,mauritiana, andracemosa. They are classified in the large familyRubiaceae. They areevergreenshrubs or small trees that may grow 5m (15ft) tall when unpruned. The leaves are da rk green and glossy, usually 1015cm (4-6in) long and 6cm (2. 4in) wide. Clusters of fragrant white flowers bloom simultaneously and are followed by oval berries of about 1. 5cm. Green when immature, they ripen to yellow, then crimson, before turning black on drying. separately berry usually contains two seeds, but 510% of the berrieshave only one these are calledpeaberries.Berries ripen in seven to nine months. tillage Coffee is usually propagated by seeds. The traditional method of planting coffee is to put 20seeds in each hole at the beginning of the showery season half are eliminated naturally. A more effective method of evolution coffee, used in Brazil, is to raise seedlings in nurseries, which are then put outside at 6 to 12months. Coffee is often intercropped with food crops, such as corn, beans, or rice, during the first few years of cultivation. picMap demonstrate areas of coffee cultivation rCoffea canephora mCoffea canephoraandCoffea arabica aCoffea arabica Of the two main species grown, arabica coffee (fromC. arabica) is considered more suitable for drinking than robusta coffee (fromC. canephora) robusta tends to be bitter and have less flavor but better body than arabica. For these reasons, about three-quarters of coffee cultivated worldwide isC. arabica. However,C. canephorais less pliable to disease thanC. arabicaand can be cultivated inenvironmentswhereC. arabicawill not thrive. Robusta coffee also contains about 4050% more caffeine than arabica.For this reason, it is used as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends. Good tincture robustas are used in someespressoblends to provide a better foam head, a full-bodied result, and to lower the ingredient cost. The speciesCoffea libericaandCoffea esliacaare believed to be indigenous toLiberiaand southernSudan, respectively. Most arabica coffee beans originate from eitherLatin America,eastern Africa, Arabia, or Asia. Robusta coffee beans are grown in western andcent ral Africa, throughoutsoutheast Asia, and to some extent in Brazil.Beans from different countries or regions can usually be distinguished by differences in flavor, aroma,body, or acidity. These taste characteristics are dependent not only on the coffees growing region, but also on genetic subspecies (varietals) and processing. Varietals are generally known by the region in which they are grown, such asColombian,JavaorKona. Production Brazilis the world leader in production of green coffee, followed byVietnamandColombiathe last of which produces a muchsofter coffee.Top twenty green coffee producers Tonnes (2007) and Bags thousands (2007) Country Tonnes Bags thousands picBrazil 2,249,010 36,070 picVietnam 961,200 16,467 picColombia 697,377 12,515 picIndonesia 676,475 7,751 picEthiopia 325,800 4,906 picIndia 288,000 4,148 picMexico 268,565 4,150 picGuatemala 252,000 4,100 picPeru 225,992 2,953 picHonduras 217,951 3,842 picCote dIvoire 170,849 2,150 picUganda 168,000 3,250 picCosta Rica 124,055 1,791 picPhilippines 97,877 431 picEl.Salvador 95,456 1,626 picNicaragua 90,909 1,700 picPapua New Guinea 75,400 968 picVenezuela 70,311 897 picMadagascarnote 2 62,000 604 picThailand 55,660 653 World 7,742,675 117,319 Ecological effects pic pic A flowerCoffea arabicatree in a Brazilian plantation Originally, coffee farming was done in theshadeof trees, which provided a habitat for many animals and insects. This method is commonly referred to as the traditional shaded method, or shade-grown.Many farmers switched their production method to solarize cultivation, in which coffee is grown in rows under full sun with little or no forest canopy. This causes berries to ripen more rapidly and bushes to produce higher yields, but requires the clearing of trees and increased use of fertilizer and pesticides, which ravish the environment and cause health problems. When compared to the sun cultivation method, traditional coffee production causes berries to rip en more slowly and produce lower yields, but the quality of the coffee is allegedly superior.In addition, the traditional shaded method is environmentally friendly and provides living space for many wildlife species. Opponents of sun cultivation say environmental problems such as deforestation, pesticide pollution,habitat destruction, and soil and water degradation are the side effects of these practices. TheAmerican Birding Association,Smithsonian Migratory Bird- Center, Rainforest Alliance, and theArbor Day Foundationhave led a campaign for shade-grown andorganic coffees, which it says are sustainably harvested.However, while certain types of shaded coffee cultivation systems show greater biodiversity than full-sun systems, they still compare poorly to native forest in terms of habitat value. Another issue concerning coffee is itsuse of water. According toNew Scientist, if using industrial farming practices, it takes about cxl liters of water to grow the coffee beans needed to pr oduce one cup of coffee, and the coffee is often grown in countries where there is a water shortage, such asEthiopia.By using sustainable agriculturemethods, the amount of water usagecan be dramatically reduced, while retaining comparable yields. Coffee grounds may be used forcompostingor as amulch. They are especially appreciated bywormsandacid-loving plantssuch asblueberries. *** CHAPTER 3 TYPES OF COFFEE TYPES OF COFFEE Coffea Arabica scientific classification Kingdom Plantae (unranked) Angiosperms (unranked) Eudicots (unranked) Asterids Order Gentianales Family Rubiaceae Genus Coffea Species C. arabica Binomial name Coffea arabica .Coffea arabica is a species of coffee originally indigenous to the mountains of Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula, hence its name, and also from the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia and southeastern Sudan. It is also known as the coffee shrub of Arabia, mountain coffee or arabica coffee. Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species o f coffee to be cultivated, being grown in southwest Arabia for well over 1,000 years. It is considered to produce better coffee than the other major commercially grown coffee species, Coffea canephora (robusta). Arabica contains less caffeine than any other commercially cultivated species of coffee.Wild plants grow to between 9 and 12 m tall, and have an open branching system the leaves are opposite, simple elliptic-ovate to oblong, 612cm long and 48cm broad, glossy dark green. The flowers are white, 1015mm in diameter and grow in axillary clusters. The fruit is a drupe (though commonly called a berry) 1015mm in diameter, maturing bright red to purple and typically contain two seeds (the coffee bean). Distribution and habitat Originally found in the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia, Coffea arabica is now rare there in its native state, and many populations appear to be mixed native and planted trees.It is common there as an understorey shrub. It has also been recovered from the Boma Plateau in southeastern Sudan. Coffea arabica is also found on Mt Marsabit in northern Kenya, but it is unclear whether this is a truly native or naturalised occurrence. Yemen is also believed to have native Coffea arabica growing in fields. Cultivation Coffea arabica takes about seven years to mature fully and does best with 1- 1. 5 meters (about 40-59inches) of rain, evenly distributed throughout the year. It is usually cultivated between 1,300 and 1,500 m altitude, but there are plantations as low as sea level and as high as 2,800 m.The plant can lodge low temperatures, but not frost, and it does best when the temperature hovers around 20 C (68 F). Commercial cultivars mostly only grow to about 5 m, and are often trimmed as low as 2 m to facilitate harvesting. Unlike Coffea canephora, Coffea arabica prefers to be grown in light shade. cardinal to four years after planting Coffea arabica produces small, white and highly fragrant flowers. The sweet fragrance resembles the sweet smell of jasmine flowers. When flowers open on queer days, this results in the greatest numbers of berries.This can be a curse however as coffee plants tend to produce too many berries this can lead to an inferior harvest and even damage yield in the following years as the plant will favor the ripening of berries to the distress of its own health. On well kept plantations this is prevented by pruning the tree. The flowers themselves only last a few days leaving behind only the two-ply dark green leaves. The berries then begin to appear. These are as dark green as the foliage, until they begin to ripen, at first to yellow and then light red and finally darkening to a glossy deep red.At this point they are called cherries and are ready for picking. The berries are oblong and about 1cm long. Inferior coffee results from picking them too early or too late, so many are picked by hand to be able to better select them, as they do not all ripen at the same time. They are sometimes shaken off the tree onto mats, which means that ripe and unripe berries are collected together. The trees are difficult to cultivate and each tree can produce anywhere from 0. 55kg of dried beans, depending on the trees individual character and the climate that season.The real prize of this cash crop are the beans inside. Each berry holds two locules containing the beans. The coffee beans are actually two seeds within the fruit there is sometimes a third seed or one seed, a peaberry in the fruits at tips of the branches. These seeds are covered in two membranes, the outer one is called the parchment and the inner one is called the silver skin. In perfect conditions, like those of Java, trees are planted at all times of the year and are harvested year round. In less ideal conditions, like those in parts of Brazil, the trees have a season and are harvested only in winter.The plants are undefendable to damage in poor growing conditions and are also more vulnerable to pests than the Ro busta plant. Gourmet coffees are almost exclusively high-quality mild varieties of coffea arabica, like Colombian coffee. Arabica coffee production in Indonesia began in 1699. Indonesian coffees, such as Sumatran and Java, are known for heavy body and low acidity. This makes them ideal for blending with the higher acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa. Coffea canephora Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae (unranked) Angiosperms (unranked) Eudicots (unranked) Asterids Order Gentianales Family Rubiaceae Genus Coffea Species C. canephora Binomial name Coffea canephora Coffea canephora (Robusta Coffee Coffea robusta) is a species of coffee which has its origins in central and western subsaharan Africa. It is grown mostly in Africa and Brazil, where it is often called Conillon. It is also grown in Southeast Asia where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century. In recent years Vietnam, which only produces robusta, has surpassed Brazil, India, and Indonesia to become the worlds single largest exporter.Approximately one third of the coffee produced in the world is robusta. Canephora is easier to handle for than the other major species of coffee, Coffea arabica, and, because of this, is cheaper to produce. Since arabica beans are often considered superior, robusta is usually limited to lower grade coffee blends as filler. It is however often included in instant coffee, and in espresso blends to promote the formation of crema. Robusta has about twice as much caffeine as arabica. Description Coffea canephora grew.

Does Alexander II deserve his historical reputation? Essay

In juvenile historical perspectives, horse parsley II has been described as the czar Liberator, the man who freed and changed Russia. black lovage II succeeded to the throne in 1855, at the height of the Crimean state of war, a war which clearly portrayed the strong backwardness of Russia in comparison to countries such as Eng republic and France. It was due to this that the newly appointed Tsar proposed several new reforms to modernise Russia, to be at the same stage of western sandwich countries. This essay will be focusing on whether horse parsley deserves the title of the Tsar Liberator and whether he truly freed Russia.The initial move Alexander II do to free Russia was the idea of emancipating the serfs within Russia. In 1861, Alexander issued his Emancipation Manifesto which proposed seventeen various things that would all contribute to freeing the serfs. Serfs were granted a person-to-person freedom of two years, when full freedom would then be granted. Farming serfs were given plots of land in accordance to the size of their family to look after. Landowners got paid hire in return for giving peasants pieces of land. The serfs would also run low payment for working, something which had never occurred in Russia before. Alexander thought giving the serfs freedom would give me a wider function of support. This therefore, supports Alexanders current reputation. He was the Tsar Liberator as he liberated the serfs and gave them their freedom.However, peasants were not actually given full freedom and were bound by several terms of their freedom. To begin with, the serfs were not just given plots of land, but had to pay for them. Landowners generally sold land for 134% more than it was actually worth, and regardless to merchandising it for extortionate prices, they gave the peasants the bad and infertile land and kept the good farming land for themselves. Additionally, peasants lost the right to forage in the forests, use grazing land and any woods that surrounded their land. They had to pay for any resources needed, including logs. Therefore, even though the serfs were now free, they were often bound by economic difficulties.Due to the new expenses of internal resources and infertile pieces of land, serfs generally received less land than they to begin with had and experienced numerous economic difficulties. Also, this liberation of all serfs and granting them the access to farming land which they would be paid for was not true for all serfs. Domestic serfs were given freedom, however, they received no land and found it hard to find new jobs, leading to more serfs being unemployed and in a worse state than they were originally in. Many things had to change as a result of the emancipation of the serfs, seeing as they now had a new freedom.As a result of liberating the serfs, a new system of law and order had to be created to replace the landowners which originally sorted such matters. A system of elected councils known as th e zemstvo were introduced. The governor, appointed by the Tsar, was in control of taxes, appointing officials and had to maintain law and order. The Zemstvo were a local anesthetic assembly introduced during the major easy reforms during the reign of Alexander II. Each district elected representatives who had control over the education, roads and agriculture of that region. The zemtvo helped the Tsar increase his panoptic image. However, not much was done to change the existing social order. The nobility controlled 75% of the zemstvo compared to only 10% held by peasantry.Therefore it is impossible to say that Alexander was the Tsar Liberator as Russia was still not easy and the peasantry were still classed to be below the nobility. The vote of a noble person was worth forty of a peasant vote. Even though this voting system was a large step, it was still rigged and was mostly controlled by those the Tsar considered loyal. For the reform to be in all liberal, the regimenal refor ms would curb led to a national assembly, however, Alexander II refused to surrender his autocratic control. Originally, the zemstvo did not gain much public support either. Nevertheless, the zemstvo was to start out much more important and successful in the near future.For example, in 1914, the zemstva were the main people who helped with the production of war goods in preparation for World War I. regardless, Alexander II had laid the foundations for future success. Therefore, in conclusion, Alexander II was not a liberator as his reputation suggests, as social order did not change and voting systems were corrupt. Therefore, he cannot be called the giver of freedom as peasants were still bound by the constraints of the social order. Yet, the introduction of law and order to Russian life was not the only reform Alexander II introduced to liberate Russia.The introduction of the zemstvo was only one of the reforms put forward by Alexander II. later freeing the serfs and introducing a new local government, Alexander II proceeded to reform the education, military machine and legal systems. Before the reforms, the judicial system was chaotic. However, Alexander reformed the building block of the legal system. No longer were there different courts for different classes, equality was introduced for all classes. Judges were to be better trained and paid higher wages to prevent bribery and the abuse of power that once occurred. All of these reforms were introduced to make the legal system fair by making the peasantry equal to the nobility. However, although this was what was theoretically meant to happen, the starry-eyed outcome did not always occur. Bribery still happened, regardless of how well paid the judges became. Judges still accepted money of people who offered it, in the first place being the nobility.Therefore, the legal system was still not legitimate. Also, these reforms were not introduced to all provinces in Russia, for example, the legal system wa s still chaotic in the Caucus region. The military was also changed as a result of Alexanders reforms. Modern weapons were introduced and officers were given proper training. Convicts were no longer drafted into the army, thus strengthening it ass before, convicts jeopardised latent wins for the military. The length of benefit was also decreased from what was originally a death sentence, and generally functioned longer than life expectancy itself to 15 years active service and 10 year leave in reserve. This reserve was vast and could be mobilised whenever required. Additionally, these military reforms restored Russias international reputation as well as Alexanders as Alexander the Great, both the country and its Tsar regained their powerful reputation from when they lost it during the Crimean War.However, these reforms were strongly opposed by the nobility and merchants of Russia who disliked the chance of service in the ranks. Therefore, whether Alexander deserved his reputatio n in this case is simply a matter of principle and social order. Nobility would have disagreed with this recent reputation, whereas the peasant s may have supported it for giving them some of their life back without having to spend it all in military service. Therefore, for some, he was a liberator, yet for others, he got them involved in things they didnt want to. Finally, Alexander II also made many reforms to the education system. The standard of teaching was amend and education was generally extended out to all classes, increasing the number of schools and pupils in Russia as a result.Secondary schools extended the most with doubling amount to 800,000 in the 1860s after allowing females to enrol into their schools. The number of university students was also previously allowed to rise and as a result, universities had more graduates and were given a greater independence in 1886. It was no longer just the nobility that were allowed to attend universities, but all classes went. D ue to a relax in censorship, lectures were also permitted on European government and Philosophy. The new university statute gave universities more autonomy. However, the education reforms, as with all the other reforms, did not change the selected area into a completely liberal system. The government well-kept the right to veto any university appointments or ban any student organisations. Many universities were also closed as a result.Therefore, this was not a liberal move, anything the universities did could be reversed by the government, with the Tsar keeping his autocracy, not liberating the education system at all. Nevertheless, Alexander did produce these reforms to begin liberalising Russia and even if they did not modernise Russia immediately, they laid the foundations for the future. Also, these reforms were more significant and liberal than any other reforms other Tsars implemented. Therefore, when looking at these reforms, it is valid to say he was the Tsar Liberator. Howe ver, these reforms did not last forever. When the number of university students went up, so did the opposition towards Alexander II. This was when he began to change his reforms.Alexander II could not have been the Tsar Liberator, otherwise he would not have faced constant opposition after he introduced his numerous reforms. By 1855, there were over 140 magazines in circulation, containing new, revolutionised ideas. Alexanders reforms failed to satisfy his critics amongst the liberal and social ranks. The relaxation on censorship meant that criticising the Tsar became much easier. Also, the increase in the number of Russian citizens going to universities meant the countrys top clerisy were being exposed to revolutionised, westernised ideas. Many opposition parties wanted equality, rather than the nobles experiencing favouritism as a result of the new reforms. In 1862, a manifesto was create verbally by student radicals, suggesting a revolution was the only solution to the countrys problems.During the reign of Alexander II, there were high levels of peasant and student unrest. A student revolutionary group called Land and Liberty, later regrouped as the Peoples Will, were the original terrorists of Russia. They attempted to assassinate Alexander II, assuming that if they got rid of him, they would get the liberal reforms they really wanted, such as the introduction of a constitution that provided elections and the end to censorship. Several attempts were made to end the Tsars reign. After the first attempt to kill him, Alexander reversed his reforms, as he assumed they were what caused the public backlash. Censorship was once again tightened and the number of students allowed to go to university declined.He changed to a rule of repression. However, just after he was assassinated, he was planning to produce another reform, granting the Russian people a constitution. However, this was never passed as he was killed first. Therefore, if Alexander really was the T sar Liberator he wouldnt have accumulated such opposition from liberal students, and after he realised he had such opposition, he changed his stance. However, just before he was killed, he attempted to pass his final reform, the most liberal one of the lot. However, as he was killed before it was announced to the Russian public, it was never passed within his reign, so he cannot be classed as a liberator as he died before he had chance to be.Therefore, this essay concludes that although Alexander II maintained a generally liberal course throughout his reign, he does not deserve the title Alexander the Great or the Tsar Liberator. This is generally due to his failures. Although his reforms were meant to liberate Russia, they never went to plan and often backfired, causing a decline in liberalism and an increase in opposition. However, if he had not have been assassinated, it is dubious as to whether he would have deserved the title then. Just before his death, he was proposing one of his most liberal reforms yet and maybe if this had gone though, he truly would have been the Tsar Liberator. However, it is not possible to say he was with the reforms that he passed as they generally lead to the citizens of Russia wanting more.

Jungian Archetypes in Rosemary Sutcliff’s Trilogy Essay

This paper depart analyze Rosemary Sutcliffs trilogy The Sword and the Circle, The Light Beyond the Forest and The Road to Camlann in light of the Jungian samples embedded in the text the generate, the emeritus wise objet dart, the shadow, and the mandala pilot burners. In her trilogy, Sutcliff employed the Jungian archetypes in order to provide a innovative configuration of the legend of King Arthur, interweaving myth and fantasy with psychological traits. From this perspective, the Arthurian legend appears in a new light, in which the story and the secondary narratives come to represent a particular mise-en-scene of bets of the subconscious.In Sutcliffs trilogy, King Arthur and many characters achieve a imageic significance. The authors main interest is in King Arthur, around whom she constructs a whole series of archetypal motifs, which account for many of the peculiar and otherwise hard to explain marks of the story. Tradition wholey, wholly the fantastic motifs p uddle been interpreted as subordinated to the fairy-tale logic and such motifs as witchcraft or transgression of taboos redeem been attributed to the pre-Christian Celtic subtext.However, this paper will argue that the overwhelming charge of archetypal images in Sutcliffs texts brings a symbolic context to our interpretation of the legend. The Great Mother Archetype In Jungs definitions, the mother archetype is ambivalent, in that it can both evoke a benign and benevolent figure, but likewise an devilish, witch-like attribute The qualities associated with it are maternal solicitude and sympathy the magic ascendancy of the female the wisdom and spiritual transformation that transcend reason any helpful instinct or impulse all that is benign, all that cherishes and sustains, that fosters growth and fertility.The rate of magic transformation and rebirth, together with the underworld and its inhabitants, are presided over by the mother. On the negative side the mother archetype ma y con none anything secret, hidden, grubby the abyss, the world of the dead, anything that devours, seduces, and poisons, that is terrifying and inescapable like fate. The mother archetype can take the shape of a plethora of symbols and can become actualized either as an image of plenitude and abundance, or as a token of dark forces in man. Both meanings appear in Sutcliffs trilogy.Significantly, Arthur is deprived of a rattling mother figure from the beginning. His fathers vow to pigeon hawk, which had granted that the latter would be entrusted the child the night he would be born, set Arthur away of his corporeal mother. Moreover, in his foster family, Sutcliff makes little to no reference to a mother figure, focusing on the male side, who was there to rear the future great superpower of Britain. In this context, the mother figures that appear in Arthurs life also have the significance of a repressed longing for a mother but, most(prenominal) significantly, serve to inscribe the character in a apparitional lineage.The solar and benevolent mother figure appears in the guise of Nimue, Lady of the Ladies of the Lake, who marks of import moments in Arthurs life, endowing him with the symbol of his manhood an kingship Excalibur and also receiving him back in her womb ( the lake) upon his death. The circumstances of Arthurs first encounter with Nimue hint to the protective facial gesture of the Lady of the Lake and also to her crucial influence on setting Arthur on the righteous pathAnd looking where he pointed, Arthur truism an arm rise from the thick of the lake, clad in a sleeve of white samite and holding in its hand a mighty sword. And up to now as he looked, he saw a maiden whose dark g give and hair seemed about her like the mists come walking towards him across the piss, her feet leaving no ripple-track upon its brightness. Who is that? whispered Arthur. This is the Lady among all the Ladies of the Lake. Speak to her courteously and she will give you the sword. It is a sword that I have guarded for a long time. Do you wish to take it? and so I do, looking out across the lake with longing eyes. For I have no sword of my own. Then promise me never to foul the blade with an below the belt cause, but keep it always as befits the Sword of Logres, and it is yours. From this passage, we can notice that Lady Nimue acts as a true maternal initiator into Arthurs symbolic coming into manhood. She has a positive influence on Arthurs life and gives the ultimate recognition of Arthur as the true great king of Britain. Her mother figure attributes become apparent especially through the symbolism of the lake.According to Jung, the mother archetype can be translated through various motifs, which allude to the mothers child-bearing and receiving features The archetype is often associated with things and places substructureing for fertility and fruitfulness the cornucopia, a ploughed field, a garden. It can be attached to a rock, a cave, a tree, a spring, a deep well, or to various vessels such as the baptismal font, or to various vessel-shaped flowers like the rose and the lotus. As the Lady among the Ladies of the Lake, Nimue enacts the essential characteristic of the mother archetype as child-bearer and vessel for the child.The lake is a symbol of the womb. Through this lineage, Arthur is belated with an ancestral and supernatural origin. This idea has usually been interpreted as the comprehension in the story of pre-Christian lore of Celtic fairy-tales. However, the uncertain origin of Nimue, as well as her unquestionable attributes of a mother archetype could suggest that the preponderant ancient subtext of the story could stand for archetypes of the collective unconscious. Just in the beginning arriving to the lake, Arthur and Merlin have to cross the forest, following ways that no man might bop but barely the light-foot deer .The forest, as we have seen in the passage from Jung quoted above, can also be associated with the mother archetype. The final, symbolic welcoming of Arthur in Nimues womb at the moment of his death, is also very evocative of the mother figure that Nimue incarnates And the barge drifted on, into the white mist between the water and the moon. And the mist original it, and it was g wholeness. Only for a little, Sir Bedivere, straining after it, seemed to catch a low desolate wailing as of women keening for their dead. Finally Nimue represents the mother archetype par integrity as she weds and represses Arthurs father-figure Merlin.There are many other symbols in the text of the mother archetype. As Jung points out Other symbols of the mother in the figurative sense appear in things representing the goal of our longing for redemption, such as Paradise, the Kingdom of God, the heavenly Jerusalem. Many things arousing devotion or feelings of awe, as for display case the Church, the university, city or country, heaven or earth, the woods, the sea or any still waters, matter even, the underworld and the moon can be mother symbols. In this light, the quest for the Holy Grail could be interpreted as a mother archetype symbol.The double function of the Holy Grail as vessel and as token of redemption enacts in the story Arthurs quest for a maternal figure. As was stated in the beginning of the analysis, the mother archetype is ambivalent in that it also displays a dark, hidden facet which finds its best prospect in the witch figure. In Sutcliffs trilogy, this aspect of the mother archetype is embodied by Queen Margawse . She is Arthurs sister and they both originate from the Little Dark People, old lords of the land bearing many affinities with Celtic druidism, magic and witchcraft.This heritage is realized in Morgan in its dark, malefic aspect and she becomes an adversary for Arthur, bewitching him one night into bearing her a child. It is interesting that Morgans wicked actions are not motivated in the story, they are simply attrib uted to her witchcraft and to the fact that she abides by the old rules Why she did it, there can never be any knowing for she knew, though he did not, what kin they were to each other (but for her, she had never cared for any law, save the law of her own will). Maybe she estimate to have a son to one day claim the High Kingship of Britain.Maybe it was just revenge the revenge of the Dark People, the Old Ones, whose blood ran healthful in her, upon the Lords of Bronze and Iron, and the people of Rome, who had dispossessed them. This could imply the fact that Morgan also has a symbolic function in the text, playing alternatively the role of the arduous mother figure and that of Arthurs anima. The fact that Arthur and Morgan have the same mother is not coincidental in a way, Morgan is a metonymic symbolization of the darker aspects of the mother archetype. The Old, Wise Man Archetype According to Jung, the old wise man figure.Can appear so plastically, not only in dreams, but also in visionary meditation (or what we call active imagination), that is, as is sometimes apparent in India, it takes over the role of a guru. The wise old man appears in dreams in the guise of a magician, doctor, priest, teacher, professor, grandfather, or any other person possessing trust. The archetype of spirit in the shape of a man, hob or animal appears in a situation where insight, understanding, good advice, determination, planning, etc. , are needed but cannot be mustered on ones own resources.In Sutcliffs trilogy, the wise old man archetype is embodied by Merlin, who acts as a spiritual counsellor and guide both for Arthurs father and for Arthur himself. From the outset, Merlin is presented as a spiritual force besides his belatedness with the Old People, from his mothers side, and his having been raised by a druid, his father is purported to be an (ambivalent) angelic figure. In Arthurs life, Merlin represents the wisdom and vision which will help Arthur to accomplish his d estiny. Once Arthur becomes a true King, Merlin will fade, as his guidance is no longer necessary.In many respects, Merlin can be equated with the most adequate father figure in the text. Like Morgan and Nimue, Merlin is the embodiment of the old ways and laws, which heed no obedience to the Christian values and norms he seems to embody the agency of fate (by definition, a pre-Christian theme) and represents, even more(prenominal) than a father figure, the uncertainty of all moral valuation, the bewildering interplay of good and evil, and the remorseless concatenation of guilt, suffering and redemption. According to Jung, this is actually the only path to redemption even if it is hard to recognize it.In his interventions, Merlin is never evil, but we cannot say that he is a wholly moral figure either he is the one who helps Utha deceive Igraine. This is why Merlin is an ambiguous figure too. Merlins life is profoundly interwoven with that of Arthurs he appears in the story before Arthurs birth in order to ensure that the child would be safe from internal feuds after his fathers early death, he guides Arthur in all the crucial moments in his life, withdraws when he realizes that Arthur has become a king in his own right, and will allegedly become resurrected the day Arthur and he will be called to save Britain.From this perspective, Arthur and Merlin reiterate the rebirth archetype And the King opened his eyes and looked at him for the last time. Comfort yourself, and do the best that you may, for I must be gone into the Vale of Avalon, for the healing of my grievous wound. One day I will re get, in time of Britains sorest need, but not even I know when that day may be, save that it is afar offBut if you hear no more of me in the world of men, crave for my soul. We can notice from this paragraph the similarities between Arthurs vow to return and the Christian story. The Shadow/Anima Archetype.In Jungs vision, the anima is the great illusionist, the seductre ss, who draws him into life with her Maya and not only into lifes reasonable and useful aspects, but also into its frightful paradoxes and ambivalences where good and evil, success and ruin, hope and despair, counterbalance one another. Because she is his greatest danger, she demands from a man his greatest, and if he has it in him, she will receive it. This archetype is symbolized in the story by the figure of Morgan La Fay, Arthurs fiercest enemy, who demands of him to give the full measure of his authority and courage.Not coincidentally, she is a witch, she appears as the veiled lady, a true seductress. But for the end of the story, we would be inclined to interpret Morgan in a literal error sense simply as Arthurs wicked enemy. However, the ending complicates this interpretation because Morgan is one of the three women receiving Arthur upon his death And there, where before had seemed to be only lapping water and the reeds whispering in the moonlight, a narrow barge draped a ll in black lay as though it waited for them within the shadows of the alder trees.And in it were three ladies, black-robed, and their hair veiled in black beneath the queenly crown they wore. And their faces alone, and their outstretched hands, showed white as they sat looking up at the two on the bank and weeping. And one of them was the Queen of Northgalis, and one was Nimue, the Lady of all the Ladies of the Lake and the third was Queen Morgan La Fay, freed at last from her own evil now that the dark fate-pattern was woven to it end. Clearly, Morgan La Fay is just as ambiguous as the other archetypes in the story.Her final communion with Arthur suggests the idea that she does indeed stand for his anima and that Arthur has succeeded in completing the challenge that she had set for him. In a way, Morgan is the receptacle of Arthurs darker side which he had also inherited from the dark people. However, guided by Merlins mercurial light, Arthur succeeds in repressing these malign te ndencies which surface with a vengeance in the character of Morgan. Mordred, the incarnation of Arthurs mortal sin, and of his calmness to the anima has be to vanquished in order for Arthur to find redemption.The final metamorphosis of Morgan and her reconciliation with Arthur suggest that redemption has been accomplished. The Mandala Archetype In his analysis of the mandala archetype, Jung stated that mandalas are all based on the squaring of a circle. Their basic motif is the premonition of a centre of personality, a kind of central point within the psyche, to which everything isolated, by which everything is arranged, and which is itself a source of energy. This centre is not felt or thought of as the ego but, if one may so express it, as the self.Although the centre is represent by an innermost point, it is surrounded by a periphery containing everything that belongs to the self the paired opposites that make up the total personality. This totality comprises consciousness f irst of all, therefore the personal unconscious, and finally an indefinitely large segment of the collective unconscious whose archetypes are common to all mankind. In Sutcliffs trilogy, the most obvious symbol of the mandala is the Round Table. It signifies Arthurs destiny and enacts the circle of life that he has to complete.Quite significantly, the mandala, also associated with the feminine archetypes, is brought to Camelot as Guenevers dowry and Merlin is the one who appears to have originated it. The Round Table is the archetype that reunites all the other archetypes, ii is the beginning and the end of Arthurs quest. The archetype of wholeness, the mandala, or the Round Table reunites the supernatural aspects of Arthurs life with his terrestrial existence. The overwhelming presence of such archetypes and the great mother, the wise old man, the anima, rebirth and mandala in Sutcliffs trilogy gives a symbolical turn to the Arthurian legend.In this light we realize the importance of this legend not only for the enrichment of story-telling but also as a universal a expression of the collective unconscious. Works Cited Jung, C. G. 1973. Mandala Symbolism. Transl. by C. F. Hull, Princeton University Press, NJ. The Essential Jung, Princeton University Press, 1983. Four Archetypes, Routledge, 2003. Sutcliff, Rosemary. 1981.The Sword and the Circle King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, The Bodley distributor point Ltd. The Light Beyond the Forest, The Bodley Head Ltd, 1981. The Road to Camlann, The Bodley Head Ltd, 1981.