The Role and Authority Women Have in Ministry

LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY The Role and Authority Women build in Ministry A search Paper Submitted to Dr. Michael D. St all toldard in partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion of the course, THEO 592 SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY II 201220 Spring 2012 THEO 530-B19 LUO By conjuration Theodore Zachariah Student ID 20004547 Lynchburg, Virginia March 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS adit .. . . 1 Prominent Women in the virgin testament . 2 sensitive will T each(prenominal)ings . First Corinthians 1434-35 5 First timothy 211-12 . 7 Conclusion . 11 Bibliography . 13 Copyright 2012 by tin can Theodore Zachariah All rights reserved Introduction Women get down long played an cardinal role in the shaping the nation of Israel which has shaped the Christian church of today. non solo were they daughters, wives, concubines, mothers, and grandmothers of men hardly they were excessively special agents of the Lord.It was the Hebrew midwives Shiphrah and Puah who ref employ the Ph araohs send to kill all antherals that preserved the life of Moses. (Exodus 1) It was the widow of Zerephath who offered food and lodging to Elijah. (1 Kings) There have been women who prophesied and served as spokeswomen for god such as Miriam (Exodus 15) and Huldah. (2 Kings 22 2 Chron. 24) There were women such as Deborah who served as ii(prenominal) a prophet and a judge doling out justice from under a palm manoeuvre for the people of Ephraim during the rule of Jabin. Judges 4) Women such as these received the call of perfection to serve Him in the roles he directed, roles which were typically filled by men. When the Naz arne of Naz beth assumed his ministry he brought to the nation of Israel a rude(a) and unique way of doing things. Sent into the world to serve all of mankind Jesus called forth two men and women alike to serve him and the Lord deity our Creator. The roles in which women today serve in the ministry of Jesus Christ our Lord and Savior are as limitle ss as Gods cognise itself. hardly a womans participation in these roles has been constrained by the churchs sympathy of these roles. God fashioned man and woman in His image to be equal partners in employment His dominion over the beasts of the field, the birds of the air and the fish in the seas. What we see today is that dominion has been replaced by domination. Not tho is it humans over all the beasts and the birds and the fish but it is in like manner male over female, this cannonball along over that, and rich over poor.When we as spouse believers in Christ seek to perceive what roles God has for our lives we must also take into account the creation story and the stories told of just about of historys nigh amazing women. Can we abnegate the fact that it is Gods intent that men and women should be co-laborers doing His forge here on earth? Should we deny Gods will when He empowers women to serve in roles that have traditionally belonged to men? Is it our intent and so to call Gods legal opinion into un certainty? The purpose of this paper is to argue for the ordination of women in the church.Prominent Women in the New Testament The New Testament records various women who ministered in the early perform Age. They include Tabitha, also known as Dorcas, who was called a disciple and entered into a ministry of helps (Acts 936) It was known that Phillip the evangelist had four virgin daughters who were prophetesses. (Acts 218f) And it was capital of Minnesota who in his ministry to string out the gospel labored with Euodias and Syntyche. (Phil. 42f) capital of Minnesota acknowledges Priscilla as a servant of Jesus Christ as he greets numerous others ministering in the name of the Lord, umteen of them women.In Romans 163 capital of Minnesota says Greet Priscilla and Aquilla my fellow workers in Christ Jesus. An item of note here is the listing of the names Priscilla and Aquilla. Whenever names are listed in the New Testament the one most promin ent is identified number 1. In this verse capital of Minnesota identifies Priscilla as the leader of this husband and wife ministerial team. In Acts 1826 Luke also mentions Priscilla first therefore indicating she possesses the much prominent role. capital of Minnesota commends Phoebe, the prostaisis or patron of the church in Cenchrea, to the church at Rome. Romans 16) umteen a(prenominal) view Phoebe as only a servant or helper but capital of Minnesota also refers to her as diakonia which is normally translated as deacon or minister. capital of Minnesota often used the name diakonia when he referring to the minister or leader of a congregation as he did also when dissertation of Tychicus, Epaphras, and timothy. The appearance of both these terms in describing Phoebe presents a picture of one who not only serves the church by giving financial support but also one who does acts of compassion.These tasks are organic to the jobs most leaders in todays churches do. Paul marks P hoebe as a leader in the church at Cenchrea because of her status and labor in behalf of the community. The Apostles develops get a lineably make this obvious that her significance in the church cannot be assumed as merely a consequence of her wealth. Taken together prostaisis and diakonia signal Phoebe as an extremely important figure for Paul and the church at Cenchrea. Other names in Romans 16 refer to women who are also ministering the ospel. They include Mary in verse 6, Tryphena, Tryphosa, and Persida in verse 12. What can safely be concluded is that Paul views women as active participants in the gospel ministry, people who extend his work in a means equivalent to what we see Timothy and Titus doing elsewhere in his communications with other churches (e. g. 1 Cor. 417). Of the stay men contained in his greetings, only Urbanus is commended as a fellow worker. In Romans 167 Paul also identifies Junia as being an apostle of noteworthy recognition.There are many scholars and t ranslators who are unwilling to admit that women have played an important role in the ministry of Jesus Christ and therefore have masculinized the name into Junias hitherto though the name Junias or Junianus appears nowhere in the Roman list of mens names. It is from the actually pen of Paul himself that we see just how strong an advocate of womens ministry he truly was. John Chrysostom, the Archbishop of Constantinople, once wrote this of Junia, Who are of note among the Apostles. And indeed to be apostles at all is a great thing. still to be even amongst those of note, just consider what a great encomium this isBut they were of note owe to their works, to their achievements. Oh How great is the devotion of this woman that she should even be counted worthy of the appellation of apostle It is plausibly that Andronicus and Junia were husband and wife who were both witnesses to Jesus resurrection and who were both sent out to bear witness and proclaim the gospel (cf. 1 Cor. 155-9 ). The house of Cloe is also mentioned by Paul in 1 Cor. 111. This is most in all likelihood referring to those early Christians meet in the home of Cloe and not in direct reference to her family or servants.Historical publications suggest that when Scripture refers to a contingent woman and the church meets in her house, these women were not merely hosting the meeting but rather had a prominent speckle of leadership deep down the group. Given the status of Judaic women during the first century the number of women Paul pays homage to is quite remark satisfactory. It is clear from the Scriptures that both he and the Apostle John greatly appreciated the women who joined them in sharing the gospel. These women were not plainly the church hostesses or the secretaries but rather they were hard-working embers of the church, many with positions of leadership and responsibility. New Testament Teachings First-century Jewish order of magnitude was very much male dominated. Women were treated much like many of the children of this era, submissive to the male head of the house. For a woman to play a religious leadership role in a totally male dominated society would have scandalous and an outrage to the fidelity of worship. Not only were women prohibited from assuming any position that would suggest a dominant position over a man they were instructed to dress modestly (1 Tim. 29f) and never shear their hair (1 Cor. 115).Both men and women were encouraged to conform to the appropriate head blanket for their gender (1 Cor. 4-7). Moreover, first-century women were not formally educated in the Scriptures as were the men. Instead women were generally confined to more domestic duties such as keeping the house and raising the children. The subject of women in ministry has for quite some time caused much controversy and has been the topic of many a discussion. There are certain Scriptures, some(prenominal) at bottom the Pauline garners which on the surface exclude w omen from participating in certain positions and roles within the church structure.These Pastoral lettersto the churches have been taken to be authoritative, especially when they lay down rules for a normative relationship within the church hierarchy. Controversy concerning the appropriate role for women in ministry hinges primarily on ternary New Testament passages, 1 Corinthians 1433-35, where women are commanded to be quiet in church and 1 Timothy 211f, where women are not set asideted to teach or have authority over a man. Each of these passages will be examined in the light of the whole Scripture to provide an acceptable and articulate interpretation.First Corinthians 1434-35 The first Scripture to be discussed, 1 Cor. 1434f is one worthy of discussion for it commands that women be silent while they are in church. 34 Let your women keep silent in the churches, for they are not permitted to speak but they are to be submissive, as the law also says. 35 And if they essentia l to let on something, let them ask their own husbands at home for it is shameful for women to speak in church. This particular Scripture, Pauls first letter to the church at Corinth, has much to do with order within the church, most particular in regard to church gatherings.In chapter 7 Paul addresses the hump of marriage, in chapter 8 he speaks to meat offered to idols, in chapter 9 he lectures concerning support for the ministry, in chapter 11 he tackles the issue of appropriate attire for both men and women during public meetings, in chapters 12 through 14 he deals with this issue of ghostly gifts, but at the close of chapter 14 he speaks about chatty wives who eternally create disorder during church meetings when they shout out their inquiries to their husbands.Earlier in his letter (chapter 11) Paul speaks about both men and women praying and prophesying during church meetings, therefore it would seem rather self-contradictory that he would now demand that all women should be silent. Accordingly, if the males mentioned in 1435 are husbands at home, then it would only make hotshot that the women mentioned in 1434 are the wives and not just women.Thus, Pauls command in verses 34f is not a general silencing of women but rather he is directing the wives who have questions to remain silent during the public meeting and to wait until later when they can ask their questions of their husbands in the privacy of their home. This would also be richy reflective of a situation in which the husband was participating in the prophetic ministries of a Christian meeting and in this context the co-participation of his wife, which may involve her publicly testing her husbands message, would be considered to be a disgraceful disregard of him and her own wifely role.There are some such as William O. Walker Jr. that believe there is ideational evidence to suggest that 1434f is non-Pauline as it appears to contradict Pauls avowed egalitarianism articulated in Galatians 32 7f. Apart from this passage and perhaps 1 Cor. 113-16, which is also highly regarded as non-Pauline, there is nothing in the noncontroversial Pauline letters that suggests that the activity of women in the church was regarded as a problem by Paul or even during Pauls lifetime. First Timothy 211-12The first-century church meetings most likely permitted more congressional interaction than what is seen in church worship services of today. There were probably some(prenominal) learned speakers who arose to teach, encourage one another, and prophesy. As we have seen in Pauls first letter to the church at Corinth women there rudely interrupted the speakers causing Paul to confront this unseemly insubordination. In 1 Timothy 211f we hear how Paul suggests that women of Ephesus learn their Scripture lessons 11 Let a woman learn in silence with all long-suffering. 2 And I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man, but to be in silence. In his letter to Timothy Paul con tends that women of Ephesus were not only to dress tastefully and modestly (1 Tim. 29f) that is, different from the pagan women but they were also to learn in silence. Paul presents not only a radical new idea for the first-century Christian women to learn but he also describes the sort in which they are to learn in silence. Despite the negative connotations that one may imagine, in the first century silence was a positive attribute.It did not necessarily impose not speaking as Paul intends in other Pastoral writings (cf. 1 Tim 22 2 Thess. 312 1 Cor. 1434). But rather it implies respect or lack of disagreement (as in Acts 1118 2114). A more proper understanding of the Greek work hJsucia or hesuchia used in this instance would be stillness or to desist from bustle or language. The word used here in this example is depicted to mean that women, and quite possibly men as well, should learn in quietness, without dissension or conflict. Rabbis and early church fathers deemed quietne ss appropriate for rabbinical students, able persons, and even leaders.This attitude of silence or quietness as it were would be quite appropriate for such tense situations exhibited by the church building of Ephesus at the time. Angry students forced to learn in silence learn very little. But an atmosphere of quietness encourages study and fosters understanding. With regard this particular text John Chrysostom writes, He was speaking of quietness It is here that we note that the Apostle Paul did not instruct the women to be in submission to neither their husbands nor to the male leadership of the church. But rather Paul suggests that the women assume an attitude of receptivity.Most likely the yard Paul suggests this posture is because the women of Ephesus had been encyclopaedism ungodly worldly and material issues in submission to the tenets of false prophets (cf. 2 Tim. 36). Instead Paul would have these women surrender themselves to more orthodox instruction and to the author ity of the trustworthy church teachers. Paul did not specifically indicate to whom the women were to submit themselves but conventional wisdom suggests that it would at least include the leaders of the congregation, those who were responsible for giving instructions in doctrine.In this particular instance Paul would have women educating themselves in quiet and submissiveness, not asserting themselves nor their opinions thereby yielding to those with greater understanding and knowledge. It is important to note what Paul does not do with his word choice here in 211. eve though the erring women at Ephesus were a serious problem it was not as serious as the rebellious men, empty talkers, and deceivers Paul speaks of to his disciple in Titus 110. In that instance Paul uses a much stronger word, epistomizo meaning to stop the mouth or silence. Simply regorge, the women at Ephesus were not rebellious deceivers with diabolical intentions they were merely poorly educated in the spirit of Christianity and were in much need of being taught salubrious doctrine. First Timothy 212 stands in stark contrast to what we find in 1 Tim. 211. In 211 Paul is telling what women must do and in 212 he is telling them what he strictly prohibits them from doing. A proper exegesis of the verb epitrepo as show in verse 212 is that it is used in the present continual tense.Paul is not saying I do not/will not/will never permit but instead he is saying is that I am not (now) permitting or Not at this time will I permit. Phillip Payne summits that within the New Testament Scriptures or even within the Septuagint that there exists no reference where this verb is used in the active indicative first person singular tense which would certainly imply sempiternity but rather it is only used to convey a timely and specific prohibition.One of the main thrusts of the Pastorals is to comfort the fledgling church from the dangers of false teaching which, if left unchecked false teaching held th e potential to permanently stain the church. The urgent nature of the situation at Ephesus is thereby expressed by Pauls intent to curb such false teachings. In the same breath that Paul speaks about women and teaching he also addresses a womans exercise of authority over men. Rather than choosing two more commonly recognized verbs to describe authority (exousiazo) and power (kyrieuo) he uses a word found nowhere else in the New Testament authenteo.In the early days of the church the verb authenteo held two closely relate meanings, instigating or perpetrating a crime and the active wielding of influence (with respect to a person) or the initiation of an action. Harris also concludes that that the verb meant to hold sway or use power, to be dominant. In itself it never meant to be an official or to be authorized. Wilshire is in complete agreement with this position and comments that, The meaning of authentein in 1 Tim 212 may not be exercising authority or even holding sway or usi ng power, or being dominant. In itself it never meant to be an official or authorized In establishing prohibitions once morest women teaching in 212 Paul introduces certain limitations in order that women could take full advantage of their learning. Paul envisioned something happening at Ephesus which had happened once before. The women at Ephesus had been lead to believe certain unorthodox things. The women in Ephesus were reminiscent of the woman in the Garden of Eden. Because of her lack of knowledge Eve had been deceived into believe certain unorthodox teachings as well.Such as if she would dare touch the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of grave and evil she would become like God but she would not die. She authoritatively taught this to her husband. Unfortunately, Adam learned as well as well. In giving this command Paul wanted to break a similar sequence of events at Ephesus. Just as Adam and Eve destroyed themselves in Eden the church at Ephesus could also be destroyed. It is at this point that Paul as their own apostle and teacher (27), using his personal judgment (verse 12), he give the Ephesians this particular guideline. Conclusion The relationship of man and woman was established during creation week.Although created as equals in Gods image men and women are different but yet each attendants each other. Standing equally before God each is aerated with his own personal spiritual responsibility and each has been given the opportunity to engage in a personal relationship with God through His gracious plan of redemption. Thus, man and woman are equally valuable, equally important, and equally unavoidable for Gods plans and purposes. Relational order was established during creation where man was formed first and was charged first with his role and then woman was addressed.This relational order is expressed over and over again throughout much of the Bible. Created to complement each other in a family unit so too, must men and women complement each other in the family of Jesus Christ. Each must recognize the inescapably of each other to accomplish the specific mission of the church. Understanding each other and ministering to full complement of his or her own good is the only way that men and women can minister together in the name of Jesus Christ. The Apostle Paul was known around central Asia as a liberator and a purveyor of peace.For the women of Ephesus learning Gods truth from those more knowledgeable than they was truly liberating for them. But in the two millennia that has passed simply learning in submission and never given the opportunity to mister to those who may need it the most to many is still the norm to follow. Paul never intended for women to simply learn and remain silent. It was Pauls plan to have women mature as heirs according to Gods promise (cf. Gal. 326-29). a good deal as the writers of the New Testament passively accepted slavery there are few today that believe we should revert back to this archai c practice.In much the same way these same writers of New Testament Scripture accepted the oppression of women to be a part of daily life should we too deny women of today a leadership role as head of the local church? Just as Pauls proclamation of equality in Galatians 3 stood for all in the city of Galatia to understand that all are one in Jesus Christ so should women of today be able to serve in whatever position they are qualified for. Have we received Gods wisdom or are we simply being foolish? 26 For you see your calling, brethren, that not many wise according to the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called. 7 But God has chosen the foolish things of the world to put to shame the wise, and God has chosen the weak things of the world to put to shame the things which are mighty 28 and the base things of the world and the things which are despised God has chosen, and the things which are not, to bring to nothing the things that are, 29 that no flesh should glory in His presence. 30 But of Him you are in Christ Jesus, who became for us wisdom from Godand righteousness and sanctification and redemption 31 that, as it is written, He who glories, let him glory in the LORD. 1 Corinthians 126-31 BibliographyBailey, Kenneth E. Women in the New Testament A meat Eastern Cultural View. Theology Matters 6, no. 1 (Jan/Feb 2000) 1-11. Cook, James I. 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Beyond Reasonable Doubt 95 Theses Which Dispute the Churchs credendum Against Women. New York Xulon Press, 2009. 1 . James I. Cook, The Church Speaks Papers of the Commission on Theology Reformed Church in America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans, 2002), 171. 2 .Joanne Krupp, Woman Gods Plan Not Mans Tradition (Salem Preparing the Way Publishers, 1999), 110. 3 . Justin J. Meggitt, Paul, Poverty and Survival (Edinburgh T&T Clark, 1998), 150. 4 . J. Paul Sampley, Paul in the Greco-Roman World A Handbook (Harrisburg Trinity Press International, 2003), 125. 5 . J. R. Daniel Kirk, Jesus Have I Loved, But Paul? A Narrative Approach to the Problem of Pauline Christianity (Grand Rapids Baker Academic, 2011), 124. 6 . John Chrysostom, A Select library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, vol.XII, ed. Phillip Schaff (New York The Christian Literature Company, 1908), 555. 7 . Kirk, 125. 8 . Richard and Catherine Kroeger, Women, EldersSinners or Servants (Louisville Council on Women and the Church, The United Presbyterian Church in the USA, 1981), 10-11. 9 . Roger E. Gotlieb, This Sacred Earth Religion, Nature and Environment (Abingdon Routledge, 1995), 337. 10 . Richard Oster, 1 Corinthians (Joplin College Press, 1995), 342. 11 . E. Earle Ellis, The Making of the New Testament Documents (Boston Brill Academic, 2002), 433. 12 .William O. Walker, Interpolations in the Pauline Letters, from The Pauline Canon, ed. Stanley E. Porter (Boston Brill Academic, 2004), 232. 13 . Arthur G. Patzia, The Emergence of the Church Context, Growth, Leadership and Worship (Downers Grove InterVarsity Press, 2001), 179. 14 . S tanley J. Grentz and Denise Kjesbo, Women in the Church A Biblical Theology of Women in Ministry (Downers Grove InterVarsity Press, 1995), 128. 15 . Ibid. 16 . Kenneth E. Bailey, Women in the New Testament A Middle Eastern Cultural View, Theology Matters 6, no. (Jan/Feb 2000) 8. 17 . John Chrysostom, Saint Chrysostoms Homilies on Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Part 13, ed. Philip Schaff (Whitefish Kessinger Publishing, 2004), 441. 18 . Thomas D. Lea and Hayne P. Griffin, 1, 2 Timothy, Titus The New American Commentary, vol. 34 (Nashville Broadman Press, 1992), 98. 19 . T. Scott Womble, Beyond Reasonable Doubt 95 Theses Which Dispute the Churchs Conviction Against Women (New York Xulon Press, 2009), 187. 20 . Ben Witherington, Letters and Homilies for Hellenized Christians A Socio-rhetorical Commentary on Titus, 1-2 Timothy, and 1-3 John (Downers Grove InterVarsity Press, 2006), 226. 2 1 . Phillip B. Payne, Libertarian Women in Ephesus A Response to Douglas J. Moos Article 1 Timothy 211-15 Meaning and Significance, TrinJ 022 (Fall 1981) 172-73. 22 . Elizabeth A. McCabe, An Examination of the Isis Cult with Preliminary Exploration into New Testament Studies (Lanham University Press of America, 2008), 101. 23 . A. C.Perriman, What Eve Did, What Women Shouldnt Do The Meaning of Auqentew in 1 Timothy 212, TynBul 44. 1 (1993) 138. 24 . Timothy J. Harris, Why Did Paul Mention Eves Deception? A Critique of P. W Bameits Interpretation of 1 Timothy 2, EQ 62 (Apr-Jun 1990) 342. 25 . Leland E. Wilshire, 1 Timothy 212 Revisited A Reply to Paul W. Barnett and Timothy J. Harris, EQ 65. 1 (Jan. -Mar 1993) 48. 26 . Aida Dina Besancon Spencer, Eve at Ephesus Should Women Be Ordained as Pastors According to the First Letter to Timothy 211-15? JETS 17, no. 4 (Fall 1974) 219.